III. Higgs: the Velcro Boson

 

By Robert D. Wilson & Rachel Joy Wilson

October 25^th, 1999

 

A. MOVING THE MOUNTAIN…

 

There is an old saying, “If you can’t bring the prophet to the mountain, bring the mountain to the prophet.”  In this section we will discuss an underlying fundamental force (boson) that is thought to be more stable and more stationary than any mountain.  It has been assumed that matter moves to and through this invisible quantum mountain to gain its energy and mass.  I have faith, however, that the mountain itself can move!

 

If a single source could be found that is responsible for the characteristic behavior of all of the other Four Forces, then it is reasonable to assume that there is, in fact, only one Force which manifests itself in four distinct ways. If this One-to-many, Parent-to-child, relationship can be reasonably defined, if the means of its multi-faceted interaction effectively demonstrated, then UFT (“Unified Field Theory”) has become a reality. The introduction of S as a moving, positive dark energy field, pervading the entire universe, provides the vehicle for just such Unification.

 

By way of brief review, UFT is an attempt to unite the four defining forces of our universe into a single, all-encompassing entity.  Those Four Forces are:

1.      The Strong Force – which binds together the particles found in the atomic nucleus, even though their positive charges should drive them wildly apart.

2.      The Weak Force – this force (extremely limited in its range of operation) is responsible for breaking apart unstable atomic nuclei, i.e., radioactive decay.

3.      Electromagnetism – this force is the most “visible” of the four, encompassing light, radio waves, magnetism, etc.

4.      Gravity – the “macro” force that affects all matter in proportion to its mass, causes (according to the popular opinion) those masses to be drawn together or “attracted” to each other.

 

According to the premise of this Thought Experiment, all Four Forces receive their energy and characteristic behavior from the same external source. We have yet to describe the interactions that produce this on a quantum level, where the carriers of the Forces are called “bosons” that interact with particles with strange-sounding names like “quarks” and “leptons”.  That deliberate oversight in definition can now be addressed, seeing that a new conceptual foundation has been laid.  If S is indeed working in the way I have described on the macro level, then it would also have to work equally well within the micro-miniature realm of sub-atomic quantum particles. But let me preface any of my following remarks with the admission that I make no claim on being anything close to a quantum physicist. Rather, I am (even with my white hair) a wide-eyed child left to his own devices in the quantum candy store.  I do not hope to offer definitive answers, only suggestions and directions that may point to answers.

 

As discussed earlier, S (positive dark energy) can be thought of as “Inbound” or “Outbound” in respect to any particle/atom with which it interacts (i.e., “inbound” is S before it interacts and “outbound” is S after the atomic interaction). This direction of movement, toward and away from a central point of interaction, determines the type of reaction that is produced. Inbound S empowers the Strong Force, while Outbound S is responsible for the “post-reactive” behavior of the other three forces. In saying that all Four Forces are empowered by S, I am not necessarily replacing the bosons of the Four Forces.  (Bosons are said to be force-carrying or force-transmitting particles characterized by a whole number quantum spin.) Rather, I am, through the type of force that I have described, providing the mechanism that activates these Forces. 

 

The strongest indicator to the reality of the singular causal relationship between the Four Forces is the dependence of each of them on the “distance squared” rule.  The Strong Force increases in strength the further a particle moves away from a nuclear center.  This increase is measured by the product of the distance squared (it is being pushed in or resisted by Inbound S).  On the other hand, the Weak Force, Electromagnetism, and Gravity all decrease in their effectiveness according to the inverse square of their distance from the reactive center (they are being pulled out, but weaken according to this set rate). The fact that all four types of bosons are subjected to the distance squared factor implies that the same force is acting on them all.

 

According to the Standard Model, each of the Forces has one or more bosons, or activating fields/particles, that cause the effects of that Force to act upon matter, generating mass, charge, spin, and “color” according to the type of interaction.  The Strong Force has eight mass-less bosons called “gluons” (pronounced “glue-ons”); the Electro-magnetic Force has the mass-less photon; and the Weak Force has three “heavy” bosons: positively charged W, negatively charged W, and neutrally charged Z.  A thirteenth boson, the graviton is postulated as a conveyor of the fourth Force, Gravity.

 

But how do all of these boson and their particles actually acquire their energies and masses?  This one unanswered question is a ghost that has long haunted quantum physics.  Then finally, when someone gave a partial description of this elusive hidden specter, the question of how it worked still remained a mystery.  The ingenious solution suggested “what” but not “how”.

 

This solution came through Peter Higgs who postulated a new super-powered boson responsible for energizing all the other bosons.  This amazing particle/field/boson was said to fill the universe, invisibly imposing mass on everything that fell within its static domain.  I say “static” because the Higgs particle was seen as relatively stationary.  Like modern doctors in the United States, the boson described by Peter Higgs did not make house calls: the universe came to it to for treatment.

 

As I said, much has been speculated on the workings of this yet undetected specter, the Higgs boson/field, and how it produced mass in matter.  In their essay, “How Particles Acquire Mass”, the Butterworths and Teplitzs eloquently describe the popular opinion and mysterious nature concerning the workings of this Higgs boson.

 

The Higgs boson is a hypothesized particle which, if it exists, would give the mechanism by which particles acquire mass.

…We know a good deal about why the [atomic] nucleus is so small. We do not know, however, how the particles get their masses. Why are the masses what they are? Why are the ratios of masses what they are? We can't be said to understand the constituents of matter if we don't have a satisfactory answer to this question.

Peter Higgs has a model in which particle masses arise in a beautiful, but complex, progression. He starts with a particle that has only mass, and no other characteristics, such as charge, that distinguish particles from empty space. We can call his particle H. H interacts with other particles; for example if H is near an electron, there is a force between the two. H is of a class of particles called "bosons"…

…It is surprising that the field is not zero in empty space, but the result, not an obvious one, is: all particles that can interact with H gain mass from the interaction.

Thus mathematics links the existence of H to a contribution to the mass of all particles with which H interacts. A picture that corresponds to the mathematics is of the lowest energy state, "empty" space, having a crown of H particles with no energy of their own. Other particles get their masses by interacting with this collection of zero-energy H particles. The mass (or inertia or resistance to change in motion) of a particle comes from its being "grabbed at" by Higgs particles when we try and move it.

[Mary and Ian Butterworth, Imperial College London, and Doris and Vigdor Teplitz, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas, USA . How Particles Acquire Mass.

http://www.phy.uct.ac.za/courses/phy400w/particle/higgs1.htm, quoted from: Physics World Volume 6 Number 9]

 

Roger Cashmore, from Oxford, also describes the resistive, stationary nature of Higgs interaction as the key to its mass-generating ability:

 

[Higgs] proposed that the whole of space is permeated by a field, similar in some ways to the electromagnetic field. As particles move through space they travel through this field, and if they interact with it they acquire what appears to be mass. This is similar to the action of viscous forces felt by particles moving through any thick liquid. The larger the interaction of the particles with the field, the more mass they appear to have.

[Roger Cashmore ,”The Need to Understand Mass”, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, UK., http://www.phy.uct.ac.za/courses/phy400w/particle/higgs2.htm ]

 

But, as I have said, the problem with the Higg’s theory is that, though it described the “what” of this mysterious, ghostly Force, it did not however give us the “how” or the “why”.  It almost seems, from the above descriptions, that the Higgs boson generates mass ex nihilo, that is, out of nothing.  How can something exist that has mass but no movement or energy.  What is the source of that mass?  How is it transferred? Does the transference diminish the source?  What happens if that source does deplete?  Questions multiply exponentially if the Higgs particle exists as described above.

 

But there is a solution. This solution does not involve throwing out the Higgs boson, just “throwing” it – that is, allowing the fact that all Higgs particles are in motion.  The solution that offers answers to all the questions is to equate the Higgs boson with that positive dark energy force we have designated S.  By setting H₀ (the scientific notation for the Higgs boson) in motion, at the speed of light, we suddenly provide it with a method of interaction (motion), a means to generate mass (transferred acceleration/momentum), and a limitless source of kinetic energy.

 

Does the possibility of H₀ in motion defy logic?  Is it a new concept that has never been alluded to before?  No in both cases.  Simple reasoning dictates that if the “fabric” of space-time is expanding, then that very fabric itself must be in motion.  If H₀ is part of that fabric, the unseen threads holding it together, then the Higgs itself must be in motion.  This is not a new concept.  Listen to the words of Simon Hands of the Theory Division of CERN as he writes in an essay entitled “Ripples at the Heart of Physics”:

 

The Higgs boson is an undiscovered elementary particle, thought to be a vital piece of the closely fitting jigsaw of particle physics. Like all particles, it has wave properties akin to those ripples on the surface of a pond which has been disturbed; indeed, only when the ripples travel as a well defined group is it sensible to speak of a particle at all. In quantum language the analogue of the water surface which carries the waves is called a field. Each type of particle has its own corresponding field.

[Simon Hands, Ripples at the Heart of Physics ,Theory Division, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland.

http://www.phy.uct.ac.za/courses/phy400w/particle/higgs5.htm ]

 

Taken at face value, Hands’ statements demand that the Higgs boson have movement.  If the Higgs boson exists as a particle, then “it has wave properties”.  As such, it must be able to “travel”.  Let us momentarily consider another well-defined traveling particle that is also a boson; it is the carrier of the electromagnetic force, the photon.  The photon also travels in waves.  It travels in waves at approximately 144,000 miles per second in a vacuum.  That is some “traveling”!  Another boson, the yet undetected “graviton”, is also said to travel at the speed of light. 

 

Our limited understanding has been the “boot” curbing a powerful vehicle built for racing.  Remove that encumbrance and watch the H₀ fly!  Our minds will then speed with it vicariously to the checkered flag of victory.  The prize?  a brand new understanding of our universe!

 

If space-time is expanding, and H₀ is stationary, then where are all the new Higgs bosons coming from that are filling up the new galactic and intergalactic “real estate” that is being generated?  Are they just getting stretched further and further apart?  Will there come a time when they get stretched too far apart?  Will mass cease to exist because there are to few Higgs bosons to bump into?   Of course not, everyone who writes about the Higgs field and particle says that the H₀ fills space, no matter how much space there is to fill.  Now either that happens ex nihilo, or by some revised “Steady State” mechanism, or it could also happen if the Higgs boson was in constant motion filling up that void.

 

For the sake of argument, for the course of this Thought Experiment, we will make the assumption that S, the positive dark energy field discussed earlier, and H₀ are in fact one and the same entity.  Combining the two nomenclatures gives us the new designation: SH_0, which is seen as a universal, controlling, background Force, traveling in all directions at the speed of light.  As such, we can say that our “mountain” is indeed moving and we are the ones who are standing relatively still in comparison.

 

B. …ONE PEBBLE AT A TIME

 

I have before postulated that S is the agent that empowers all of the other Forces.  I have also said that those Forces attain their characteristic movements from contact with S.  In other words, the photon bosons of light are in a real sense not traveling at the speed of light, but rather are “hitching a ride” and traveling with their host at the speed of SH₀.  Of course many questions come to mind when you hear such a statement.  What is the mechanism of this supposed quantum transaction?  Why has it not been detected before?  And, most directly to the point, how can a single “generic” particle (SH₀) convey different properties to different types of particles and matter?

 

These questions have viable answers within the context of this Thought Experiment.  Those answers will be revealed shortly.  But first, there are a few prerequisite issues that are germane to any answer that is devised. There are some troubling questions that the present model does not know how to answer.  Any workable solution must address these presently unsolvable issues if it hopes to alter the present theory.  Chief among these is the “broken symmetry” caused by the sudden mass of the Weak Force bosons.

 

This Sword of Damocles hangs over the head of any would-be unifiers of the fields.  Firger and Dalseth express the current understanding of the problem:

 

Ideas about the unification of forces hinge on the question of mass for some of the force carrying bosons.  In the case of the electroweak unification, the question is how the W and Z particles that mediate the weak force become massive while their relative, the photon, remains massless.  In terms of symmetry, the differences between these particles arises because their underlying symmetry is broken at low energies.

A group of physicists, among them Peter Higgs of Scotland, have postulated a new field (named after Higgs) that is fundamentally different from other fields.  For some complicated reasons, the universe is filled with Higgs particles at low temperatures but lacks them at high temperatures.  Because they are thought to interact with the Higgs bosons, the W and Z move slower than the speed of light at lower temperatures, effectively acquiring mass.  At high energies, when Higgs particles are absent, the W and Z particles are able to speed up and lose their mass, thus displaying their underlying symmetry with the photon.  Not only does the Higgs boson provide a mechanism for the W and Z particles masses to be acquired, but it also seems to play an integral role in creating the masses of quarks and leptons.  Thus, the Higgs boson may provide an answer to one of the most troubling questions in physics; how did particles acquire masses in the first place?
[Daniel Firger and Anthony Dalseth   Long Shots: Supersymmetry and the Higgs Boson, http://www.bowdoin.edu/dept/physics/astro.1998/astro01/longshot.html ]

 

A secondary issue arises from the above quote, the apparent change in behavior or disappearance of the Higgs boson at higher temperatures.  This one objection alone could deal a deathblow to my proposed theory if it proved to be true.  It is not.  As we shall soon see, the amount of energy (temperature) contained in a particle affects the way that particle responds to the universal Higgs boson, not the other way around.

 

Tom Kibble, of Imperial College, London, sheds further light on the symmetry that has been found between Electromagnetism and the Weak Force.  They seem to be the same force, except for that problem of suddenly acquired mass:

 

…electromagnetic forces are seen as due to the exchange between electrically charged particles of photons, packets (or quanta) of electromagnetic waves. (The distinction between particle and wave has disappeared in quantum theory.) The "weak" forces, involved in radioactivity and in the Sun's power generation, are in many ways very similar, save for being much weaker and restricted in range. A beautiful unified theory of weak and electromagnetic forces was proposed in 1967 by Steven Weinberg and Abdus Salam (independently). The weak forces are due to the exchange of W and Z particles. Their short range, and apparent weakness at ordinary ranges, is because, unlike the photon, the W and Z are, by our standards, very massive particles, 100 times heavier than a hydrogen atom.

The "electro-weak" theory has been convincingly verified, in particular by the discovery of the W and Z at CERN in 1983, and by many tests of the properties. However, the origin of their masses remains mysterious. Our best guess is the "Higgs mechanism" - but that aspect of the theory remains untested.

The fundamental theory exhibits a beautiful symmetry between W, Z and photon. But this is a spontaneously broken symmetry…

[Tom Kibble, Of Particles, Pencils and Unification, Department of Physics, Imperial College, London, UK. http://www.phy.uct.ac.za/courses/phy400w/particle/higgs4.htm]

 

The acquired masses and behavior of the heavy bosons “remains mysterious” only if you try to inflict them on a stationary Higgs particle.

 

Another essential issue to any proposed UTF is the apparent directional stratification or vectoring found in the Higgs field.  Kibble tries to illustrate this pattern in the previously mentioned article by imagining a symmetrical field of pencils all pointing in the same direction and susceptible to wave-like motion.  Simon Hands, from CERN, compares it to the grain in wood.  The basic idea is that some particles (like photons) run with the grain and so can accelerate, while others (W and Z) move cross-wise to the grain and thereby acquire mass instead of speed.  Hands’ comments on the subject are insightful:

 

The Higgs field is a particularly simple one - it has the same properties viewed from every direction, and in important respects in indistinguishable from empty space. Thus physicists conceive of the Higgs field being "switched on", pervading all of space and endowing it with "grain" like that of a plank of wood. The direction of the grain in undetectable, and only becomes important once the Higgs' interactions with other particles are taken into account. For instance, particles called vector bosons can travel with the grain, in which case they move easily for large distances and may be observed as photons - that is, particles of light that we can see or record using a camera; or against, in which case their effective range is much shorter, and we call them W or Z particles. These play a central role in the physics of nuclear reactions, such as those occurring in the core of the sun.

The Higgs field enables us to view these apparently unrelated phenomenon as two sides of the same coin; both may be described in terms of the properties of the same vector bosons. When particles of matter such as electrons or quarks (elementary constituents of protons and neutrons, which in turn constitute the atomic nucleus) travel through the grain, they are constantly flipped "head-over-heels". This forces them to move more slowly than their natural speed, that of light, by making them heavy. We believe the Higgs field responsible for endowing virtually all the matter we know about with mass.

[Simon Hands, Ripples at the Heart of Physics ,Theory Division, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland.

http://www.phy.uct.ac.za/courses/phy400w/particle/higgs5.htm]

 

So let me sum up the obstacles the moving Higgs, SH₀, has to overcome:

 

1.      Must provide a means whereby mass is transmitted to other particles.

2.      Must be able to react differently to “Inbound” and “Outbound” bosons.

3.      This ability to react must change with temperature.

4.      Must offer resistance to other bosons and matter.

5.      Must have a way of capturing and releasing other bosons and particles.

6.      Has a grain-like vectoring effect that allows some particles to speed by, while it slows others down.

7.      Must solve the problem of “broken symmetry” in the electro-weak theory and account for the sudden masses of the W and Z bosons.

8.      Must be nearly impossible to detect.

9.      Must move with a wave-like motion.

10. Must provide a mechanism whereby the leptons (i.e., an electron), which have mass, can loose that mass and become neutrinos traveling at the speed of light, and whereby neutrinos can suddenly gain mass and become leptons.

11. Must be able to constantly fill up an expanding universe in such a way as to produce constant results.

12. Must demonstrate how its very existence unifies the Four Forces.

 

This daunting list would be enough to give any theorist an ulcer, if in fact there were no solution.  As I jokingly told my oldest son (who is one of my strongest supporters in this effort) when he asked just some of these questions, “Have patience, grasshopper, all will be explained.”  Yes, I do have answers.  I do not know if the solution I have devised is the ONLY solution, or even if it is the CORRECT solution.  I do know that it answers all of the above questions and, as such, stands alone like little David against the Goliath of established quantum physics. Let the pebbles fly.

 

C. HITCHHIKER’S GUIDE TO THE UNIVERSE

 

To solve the problems listed above we must take a clean sheet and devise a brand new Higgs boson capable of answering all the issues.  When designers in the aircraft industry first tried to tackle the problems associated with supersonic flight, they had to make a major paradigm shift and discard much of what they had previously learned about aerodynamics.  The new designs had to take into account all of the harsh conditions and stresses that supersonic flight imposed.  In the same way, I will now attempt to construct a Higgs boson that can answer all of the questions.  (The numbered principles listed do not correspond to the numbers of the above questions.)

 

1)     The first and most important characteristic of the new Higgs has already been mentioned: it must travel at the speed we have in the past called “the speed of light”.

 

2)     Second, unlike the Butterworths and Teplitzs‘ description (where the Higgs boson is “a particle that has only mass, and no other characteristics, such as charge, that distinguish particles from empty space”), the new Higgs would have NO mass, only speed.  The common consensus would agree that neutrinos and photons have virtually no mass and can travel at the speed of light, so having another massless particle (boson) traveling at that speed is not necessarily a new concept.

 

3)     Third, although the Higgs has no mass, it IS able to influence and affect other bosons and particles.  Those who tried to explain the stationary Higgs have already described the nature of this effect.  Quoting again the Butterworths and Teplitzs, “Other particles get their masses by interacting with this collection of zero-energy H particles. The mass (or inertia or resistance to change in motion) of a particle comes from its being "grabbed at" by Higgs particles when we try and move it.”  The key phrase here is “grabbed at”, but instead of their idea of moving particles being snatched as they pass through a Higgs field, we change this to a new perspective where the Higgs field/particles are themselves moving through the particles. 

We have already referred to Simon Hands’ similar description to the same phenomenon: “When particles of matter such as electrons or quarks (elementary constituents of protons and neutrons, which in turn constitute the atomic nucleus) travel through the grain, they are constantly flipped "head-over-heels". This forces them to move more slowly than their natural speed, that of light, by making them heavy. We believe the Higgs field responsible for endowing virtually all the matter we know about with mass.”

What we need then is a mechanism that would allow the moving Higgs bosons to “grab” or “flip” other particles as it (the Higgs) moves past them.  Enter the Velcro boson.

Behind the modern invention we know as Velcro is an ingenious principle actually borrowed from nature.  The hooks and loops that snag each other on close proximity mimic the clinging action of certain seeds or burrs.  A similar “clinging” principle is at work on the micro scale where molecules are formed in chemical reactions that result from electrons being snagged and shared by one or more atoms.  These nuclear bonds are nothing new to us.  Nor are we shocked by the concept that, under certain conditions, two atoms can be forced to snag each other and be fused together into something new.

 

What we need to do now is to apply these principles to the traveling Higgs boson.  To illustrate how the principle works I will apply the Velcro analogy to the particle itself.  Those features which I will subsequently call “hooks” and “loops” might not (in real life) resemble hooks and loops at all, but since they behave in the same way, I will use them in a working example of what the Higgs might be like.

 

Let us imagine that our moving Higgs boson is outfitted with a series of quantum loops and hooks.  If we could examine our imaginary boson we would find that:

 

v     DIRECTIONAL ORIENTATION
The Higgs boson’s appendages (hooks and loops) have a directional difference according to the orientation of the particle in the path it is taking.  There would be “loops” on the front half of the particle and hooks on the back. 

 

v     RELEASABLE
Each of these hooks and loops has a tension release level, in other words, something snagged by the Velcro boson can break that link under certain conditions.  Possibly these hooks and loops could be of different shapes and sizes.

 

v     ATTACHMENTS
All of the other gauge bosons are also equipped with hooks and/or loops that match either the hooks or the loops in the Higgs boson.  As I have repeated before, “The mass (or inertia or resistance to change in motion) of a particle comes from its being ‘grabbed at’ by Higgs particles” The gauge boson also have smaller non-Higgs appendages capable of snagging other particles or bosons.

 

v     GLUONS
All of the gluons have only hooks (or if they have any loops those are too small to be snagged by Higgs hooks).  Because of this their ride is always Inbound toward the center of the nucleus, where the “hitchhiker” bond is broken.  The energy level in a nuclear center is sufficient to break that bond.  The gluons must also be directionally orientated toward the center of the nucleus, so that they are only affected by Higgs bosons traveling in exactly the right direction. The gluons themselves (if they actually exist –more on that later) receive momentum energy from their Higgs ride which they in turn transfer to the particles of the atomic nucleus.

 

v     OTHER LOOPS & HOOKS
All non-boson particles also have hooks and loops which are capable of interacting with each other and the non-Higgs bosons (and in some cases with the Higgs itself).  This self-interaction is how mesons, baryons, and other combined particles are formed.  Combined particles gain different overall external hook-loop configurations according to their makeup.  Different combinations present, as it were, different profiles to the moving Higgs and the other bosons, so are affected in different ways. 

 

v     MULTIPLE CONNECTIONS
Particles or combination-particles can be captured by more than one hook and/or loop on the same Higgs boson.  The directional aspect (i.e., forward profile) of this linking has a direct affect on the mass of the particle.  This is because, as the Higgs moves its captured particle in its direction, there are Higgs particles moving in the opposite direction which offer resistance – try to snatch/steal/tumble the particle – in the direction of their own movement. 

v     HIGGS vs HIGGS
The Higgs particles at no time affect other Higgs particles, only their “hitchhikers”.  This would be similar to a game of American football where, instead of blocking or tackling the players, the objective was to just snatch away the ball.  The running ball carrier would constantly have to pull the ball free from the oncoming opposition.  The resistance offered by those players would make the ball seem very heavy to the carrier.  This principle, on the quantum level, is one of the ways mass is generated.

 

v     LEPTONS
Normally the leptons receive their mass (i.e., transfer of kinetic energy into mass) by being “flipped ‘head over heels’” during brief but direct contact with Higgs bosons.  It is almost as though their “loops” – under normal circumstances – are just too small or too weak to be firmly captured by the hooks on the Higgs. Under certain circumstances, however a lepton’s loop can increase in size and/or strength so that a Higgs can securely snag it.  When this occurs the lepton is instantly transformed into a neutrino.  Suddenly it is traveling with a Higgs boson host at the speed of light.

What happens to the lepton’s mass?  Whoever named the lepton did a very good job.  The name is taken from the Greek for the word “THIN”.  Picture the lepton in the shape of a flat disk or plate that is normally getting it mass by being flipped sideways by the passing Higgs which is making batting-like contacts against the lepton’s loops.  But, because of simultaneous reactions to more than one source (i.e., collision with another particle) the size and strength of the lepton’s loop can be given a sudden energy boost.  A passing Higgs instantly snags that larger, stronger loop and with it the attached lepton.  The momentum of that snatching instantly stops the spinning of the particle, it swings sideways like a gate blown open in a gale, and (because it IS a thin particle) causes the lepton to flip sideways to its direction of motion and present only a shadow of its former self to the Higgs particles that are moving contrary to its host’s direction.  Its forward-moving profile has changed effectively from a wide disk to the ultra-thin edge of that disk. No Higgs resistance equals no corresponding mass!  The same lepton is still there, but because its forward aspect has been reduced, by being turned sideways to the flow of its motion, it has virtually no mass.  Now if another collision with a solid particle occurs, the Higgs-neutrino bond is broken and the lepton is free to appear in real space again, where it instantly become a target of other mass-giving Higgs bosons.

 

v     ELECTROMAGNETISM
This same principle would also work for photons.  They too are hitchhikers. Hooked to the back of a charging Higgs boson, they appear to have little or no mass as they present a miniscule footprint to the intervening Higgs bosons.  Not until they strike or react with another particle is their energy bundle released and its effects felt.  One aspect of electro-magnetism that will bear more study is the dual nature of its corresponding wave.  As the electronic wave oscillates from high to low, a magnetic wave is also being generated at right angles to it.  As the Electronic wave increases, the magnetic wave decreases, and vice versa, so that a state of balance all exists between to two symbiotic forces.  A possible answer to how this works would be that the photon, held by only one end, is free to oscillate back and forth (like a rope swing) according to the energy of the electro-magnetic boson.  The rate of swing (driven by the amount of the captured boson’s energy) is what we refer to as frequency.  Different frequencies would change the photon from being simple visible light to microwaves, radio waves, infrared, and so on.  The amount of energy that is released on impact would define the type of “wave” that was generated.  Possibly a slow sideward spin of the photon would account for the electro/magnetic differences.

My daughter, Rachel, has suggested a possible explanation to the dual wave nature of electromagnetic waves.  Suppose that the captured photon has only the ability to propagate one type of wave – the electronic one.  However, the attached photon does have the ability to affect its host particle, so that the Higgs’ own normal wave ability (moving at right angles to the photon’s waves) takes on magnetic functions.  In this way, both symbiotic particles (host and passenger) would have its own unique wave function that reacted in a frequency cycle just the opposite of the other.

This would make sense, when we consider a magnet’s ability to affect metals or other magnets.  It would allow the same force that moves falling objects also to be the mover of magnetic and magnetically reactive materials. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

So how does magnetism work?
I am still studying electromagnetism in an effort to fully understand the nature of this interaction.  As I said, the above is only one possible solution, those who better understand the workings of electromagnetism might very offer a better explanation of the S-photon reaction and interaction given the new concepts I have presented.

v     “UN-BREAKING” THE SYMMETRY
We have been told that the Electro-magnetic Force and the Weak Force are one and the same thing.  The only thing that can’t be explained, the stickler that “breaks the symmetry” is the way the weak boson acquire and loose their sudden masses.  Within this model, that problem can easily be solved.  Take a photon (or some other particle) and link it with another particle so that the combined entity now has strong loops at both ends.  This type of bonding would occur when atomic nuclei were overpopulated, unstable, or radioactive.  According to that makeup, the combined particle would be captured by a Higgs boson across two of its hooks.  There are either two or three possible positions that our captured particle could find itself in.  If captured so that its aspect (profile) was exactly perpendicular to the Higgs’ line of motion, this “target” would feel impacts from every Higgs particle hitting it from the opposite direction. 

Talk about a thrill ride with maximum “G” forces! Any student of Einstein knows that if you accelerate a small mass to the speed of light, that small mass would grow exponentially (actually according to the square of the distance traveled) until it became an infinite mass.  Why does this occur?  The answer is quite simple.  The faster an object moves, the more its particles are snagged or resisted by opposing Higgs bosons.  Since the Higgs is responsible for generating mass, if something moves toward the Higgs Force at the same speed the Higgs is travelling toward that object, then the Higgs contact would be continuous to the point of presenting a solid wall of mass resistance.  Our right angle Weak Force boson would face just such a wall.  Because of this stress, its bonds with its host carrier break almost immediately (the Higgs is immune to this resistive build up and is free to pass like a spirit through the wall unhindered).  The force generated by that wild, brief, joy ride is transferred into momentum in the catapulted particle. This imparted force is used as a hammer and wedge to slam into the instability of the surrounding nucleus and break it apart.  In this sense, the Higgs becomes a mass-driving weapon aiming quantum bullets at the nucleus it normally protects.

The particle captured by the Higgs boson at right-angles would be more massive Z⁰ Weak Force boson.  The charged W bosons would probably be captured at a more oblique angle, slightly reducing their “drag” against oncoming Higgs.  Possibly I have these backwards and the W’s, because they ARE a right angles, break their bonds sooner, so cannot accumulate as much mass.  The experts can argue that one out now that they know how the whole thing works.

v     SPECULATIONS & QUESTIONS
Most of the answers have been given (there are some that will come in my next essay, “Time, Hubble, and Higgs”), so now it is my time to speculate and ask some questions of my own.  IF the Higgs boson is configured with multiple loops in varying positions, might it not be possible that THESE differences account for the various aspects attributed to the gluons.  If this were so, then there would be no need for a “middleman” boson to transfer mass and nuclear compression to the particles in the nucleus of the atom. 

IF the Higgs boson behaves as I have predicted, would we have the need for so many “virtual” interactions?  Could not the Higgs itself be responsible?  Maybe virtual photons are actually trapped inside the WIREFRAME Higgs so that its energy is present, but, because it is hooked at both end (parallel to the line of the Higgs’ motion) it is not free to oscillate and reveal itself.

v     DRAWING CONCLUSIONS
One last speculation remains in this paper.  How does someone draw something that no one has ever seen before?  You have to make a guess.  Below is a (probably wrong) simple representation of a WIREFRAME HIGGS BOSON.  By showing multiple hooks and loops, I hope to show by this how various combinations of “Capture Positions” could be obtained by a single massless particle.  With various positions come various results, masses, spins, colors, and flavors.

 

          O⁰

   |   \O^1/3

   |      \O^2/3

O|         \O¹

J¹\         |J