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INTRODUCTION: A THOUGHT EXPERIMENT
By Robert D. Wilson
November 23rd, 1999
Copernicus challenged the concept that the universe resolved around the earth. He offered a paradigm shift that took the same facts that mankind had observed for centuries and drew from them an entirely different conclusion. This paper offers such a shift to the disciplines of Cosmology and Physics. It does not change the facts; it simply offers an entirely different set of conclusions.
As Copernicus lifted our eyes off of this planet so that we would never again look at the universe as "terra-centric", so this paper now wishes to lift our eyes from an "atom-centric" universe. Why "atom-centric"? Because our current understanding of physics assumes that matter/mass has within itself (and caused by itself) the inherent ability to hold itself together and to attract other matter/mass to itself. These concepts are challenged in the new theory of "Expulsionary Cosmology".
UFT or "Unified Field Theory" is the elusive Holy Grail of modern physics. It entails the joining of all the cosmic forces (Strong, Weak, Electromagnetism, and Gravity) into one all-encompassing symmetrical force or formula. My overall title for these papers is "UFT: a New Vision of Space and Time". As that title implies, I fully believe that I have discovered just such a unifying principle and hope, within the context of these essays, to demonstrate the existence of that unifying force.
The theory herein proposed was first devised over twenty years ago, but was allowed to sit because one of its key components, a universal interactive force, could not be proven. That constraint has recently been removed by publishing of the recent work of dedicated physicists such as Bahcall, Turner, Perlmutter, Ostriker, Steinhardt, and others.
Quotes from a couple of articles published within the last year reveal the perplexing nature of this newly discovered "dark" or "funny" energy. These initial quotes are somewhat extensive as they are germane to all that follows. First, Cowen speaks of the need to balance the cosmic equation:
… there must be something else—a special form of matter or energy (the two are equivalent according to Einstein) that makes up the missing 60 percent of the critical density. Turner dubs this component "funny energy." This special energy resists the gravitational pull of galaxies, so it distributes itself uniformly throughout the cosmos. Funny energy "leads to a striking prediction," notes Turner. "The expansion of the universe should be speeding up, rather than slowing down."
How so? According to Einstein's theory of general relativity, gravity derives both from energy and matter and from pressure. The funny energy manifests itself as a negative pressure. If the universe contains a large enough component of funny energy, the net effect of gravity is to exert a repulsive, rather than an attractive, force. The expansion of the universe then accelerates rather than slows down.
["The Greatest Story Ever Told:
Is cosmology solved?" By Ron Cowen in Science News Online. http://www.sciencenews.org/sn_arc98/12_19_98/Bob1.htm]The work of Neta Bahcall and team have concluded:
Now the evidence… is forcing us to consider the possibility that some cosmic dark energy exists that opposes the self-attraction of matter and causes the expansion of the universe. [pg 1481]
[Neta A. Bahcall, Jeremiah P. Ostriker, Saul Perlmutter, Paul J. Steinhardt
"The Cosmic Triangle: Revealing the State of the Universe"
www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 284 May 28, 1999]
In its present incarnation, the cosmological constant is out of balance, causing the expansion of the universe to accelerate. It can be viewed as a vacuum energy assigned to empty space itself, a form of energy with negative pressure. Cosmologists are familiar with other hypothetical forms of dark energy with negative pressure that can accelerate the universe. In inflationary cosmology, acceleration is caused by a cosmic field (similar to an electric field in the sense that it pervades space and assigns a field value and energy to each point in it) whose kinetic energy is much less than its potential energy. A different field, with much lower energy, coined "quintessence", could account for the acceleration suggested to be observed today. Unlike a cosmological constant, quintessence energy changes with time and naturally develops inhomogeneities that can produce variations in the distribution of mass and the CMB temperature observed today. [pg 1482]
["The Cosmic Triangle: Revealing the State of the Universe"
Neta A. Bahcall, Jeremiah P. Ostriker, Saul Perlmutter, Paul J. Steinhardt
www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 284 May 28, 1999]
The only way to have a low mass density and a flat universe, as expected from the inflationary theory, is if an additional, nonluminous, "dark" energy component dominates the universe today. The dark energy would have to resist gravitational collapse or else it would already have been detected as part of the clustered energy in the halos of galaxies. But, as long as most of the energy of the universe resists gravitational collapse, it is impossible for structure in the universe to form. The dilemma can be resolved if the hypothetical dark energy was negligible in the past and then over time became the dominant energy in the universe. According to general relativity, this requires that the dark energy have a remarkable feature: negative pressure. [pg 1481]
"The Cosmic Triangle: Revealing the State of the Universe"
Neta A. Bahcall, Jeremiah P. Ostriker, Saul Perlmutter, Paul J. Steinhardt
www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 284 May 28, 1999
The experts label this unique new force as "special" to the point of being considered "funny" and claim that it possesses "remarkable features" that can only be compared with "other hypothetical forms of energy". In other words, the general consensus of opinion seems to be that we know that the "dark" or "funny" energy is out there because its effects can be observed (the accelerating expansion of the universe), but we also know that it surely doesn't behave according to our known rules. In fact, by exerting a "negative pressure", it behaves exactly the opposite of all other known form of energy. Yet what other explanation could there be?
In so saying we have become like the old man who, upon hearing the sound of a woodpecker, grabbed his binoculars to scan the woods for the bird's location. It never occurred to him that the woods were three miles away while he sat in his wooden rocking chair, on his wooden porch, which was attached to his wooden house. Occam warned us "don't unnecessarily multiply entities". The woodpecker of dark energy roosts much closer to home.
THOUGHT EXPERIMENT
Modern Physics has theorized that the Strong Force is the internal "glue" which binds subatomic matter together to form molecules. Modern Physics has also assumed that this Force works from the inside out. That assumption is wrong.
What then? The Dark Energy itself is that glue. Why should such a ludicrous assumption even be considered by reasonable men and women? In the past, Einstein used "thought experiments" to postulate the cosmological "what-if’s" that later became his Theories of Special and General Relativity. In the same way this paper proposes a thought experiment that turns the universe inside out. The questions are asked, "What would our universe look like, how would it behave, if the Strong Force (that binds matter together) was actually the predominant player, not only on a micro scale but also on the macro. What if the Strong Force were exerted on matter externally? What if the Strong Force and Dark Energy were the same thing?"
What would the results be? We would find ourselves in a universe that has the exact same rules as our own, but now suddenly the reasons WHY the rules worked would become clear and explainable. Following the permutations of an external Strong Force to their logical end not only removes the "fudge factors" from cosmology but it also provides the basis for a working Unified Field Theory. For those reasons alone the theory of Expulsionary Cosmology should receive serious consideration.
In the new universe of this Thought Experiment, all the matter of the cosmos is held together from the outside, not from within. Structure is imposed upon matter by a prevailing, POSITIVE, external force. Mass is the measure of resistance to that imposition and Time is experienced as a cumulative local result of all resistive impositions from all directions. Time and Mass are both affected proportionally according to the relative speed of any object moving through this sustaining Force or by that object’s resistance to that Force moving through it.
This new universe would require an active Singularity as its driving Source. Nor would that Source exist at the far end of the universe, as some, like Stephen Hawking, have postulated, to pull the expanding cosmos outward. Rather, the original event—Big Bang or Creation—would be seen as the still-active Source of this constant field of imposition. "Negative" pressure would not be required to pull the universe outward in expansion if a Positive Force can be found that is driving it outward from its still active Source. [There are two obvious ways to further inflate a partially filled balloon; it may be placed in a vacuum chamber where applied negative pressure would cause it to expand; or someone could simply pump more air in through the balloon’s nozzle. Expulsionary Cosmology takes as its basic assumption that the "nozzle" of the universe is still active.] The "S" in the drawing at the right represents that still active Source.
Robert Matthews, in an article entitled "Nothing like a Vacuum", accurately describes the special nature of this universal energy field that must fill the "vacuum" of space. My conclusion from his words is that, if this fluidic energy Force must be constant and always appearing the same to every observer, then it must also be moving at the constant speed of light, which has those exact same properties. His conclusions are as follows:
This does not mean that a universal fluid cannot exist, but it does mean that such a fluid must conform to the dictates of special relativity. The vacuum is not forced to be mere quantum fluctuations around an average state of true nothingness. It can be a permanent, non-zero source of energy in the Universe.
Special relativity demands that the vacuum’s properties must appear the same for all observers, whatever their speed. For this to be true it turns out that the pressure of the vacuum ‘sea’ must exactly cancel out its energy density. It is a condition that sounds harmless enough, but it has some astounding consequences. It means, for example, that a given region of vacuum energy retains the same energy density, no matter how much the region expands. This is odd, to say the least. Compare it with the behaviour of an ordinary gas, whose energy density decreases as its volume increases. It is as if the vacuum can draw on a constant reservoir of energy.
[Robert Matthews, "Nothing like a Vacuum", The New Scientist, February 25th,1995]
[NOTE: In saying that "a given region of vacuum energy retains the same energy density, no matter how much the region expands", Matthews has assigned relativistic properties to dark energy akin to the "constancy" of the relative speed of light. This relationship will be explained in a future paper.]
OUTLINE
This Thought Experiment will be divided into five basic components:
CREDIT DUE:
Before I proceed, I need to give credit to the author of the original concept that sparked my Thought Experiment. Over twenty years ago, I do not recall the exact date, as I read in the ancient writings of a first century Roman/Jewish scholar and theologian, Paul Ben-Hamine, I was captivated by an intriguing phrase he had written. In the common Greek language of the day, he concluded, "
panta en autv sunesthken", that is, "all things in Him consist [are compacted or stand together]". By this simple statement, the ancient scholar pointed to a cosmos that was held together from without, not from within.Ever curious, ever questioning, I took that phrase and wondered. What if…? What if the universe was held together from the outside, how would that change our modern concepts of physics and relativity? Could such a universe exist? If it did, how would our "answers" change? How many of our questions would be solved? How many new ones would arise? Those answers are recorded in the papers that follow.
As I said, over twenty years have passed since that first question. A new theory, Expulsionary Cosmology, rose like a phoenix from the ashes of my former learned concepts of how everything worked. During all of that intervening time, I have debated my discoveries with any scientific mind I could find, including a couple of college physics professors. I "corrupted" the minds of my (now grown) children, who in turn debated the laws of this new universe with their teachers. I wish to publicly thank Rachel, Joshua, and Benjamin for believing in and supporting me through the years.
Now that new collaborating evidence has surfaced, I can no longer contain the enthusiasm I feel in releasing this new theory to the world. There ARE answers to your questions! I ask you to bring an open, questioning mind as you view what I have to say. I am not a physicist. What I am is a professional problem solver who has turned his attention on the biggest mystery of all. There are answers to the questions, if only we learn to ask the right ones!